|
Deaths In Other
Nations Since
WW II Due To Us Interventions
By James A. Lucas
24 April,
2007
Countercurrents.org
INTRODUCTION
After the catastrophic attacks of September 11 2001
monumental sorrow and a feeling of desperate and understandable anger began to
permeate the American psyche. A few people at that time attempted to promote a
balanced perspective by pointing out that the United States had also been
responsible for causing those same feelings in people in other nations, but they
produced hardly a ripple. Although Americans understand in the abstract the
wisdom of people around the world empathizing with the suffering of one another,
such a reminder of wrongs committed by our nation got little hearing and was
soon overshadowed by an accelerated "war on terrorism."
But we must continue our efforts to
develop understanding and compassion in the world. Hopefully, this article will
assist in doing that by addressing the question “How many September 11ths has
the United States caused in other nations since WWII?” This theme is developed
in this report which contains an estimated numbers of such deaths in 37 nations
as well as brief explanations of why the U.S. is considered culpable.
The causes of wars are complex. In
some instances nations other than the U.S. may have been responsible for more
deaths, but if the involvement of our nation appeared to have been a necessary
cause of a war or conflict it was considered responsible for the deaths in it.
In other words they probably would not have taken place if the U.S. had not used
the heavy hand of its power. The military and economic power of the United
States was crucial.
This study reveals that U.S.
military forces were directly responsible for about 10 to 15 million deaths
during the Korean and Vietnam Wars and the two Iraq Wars. The Korean War also
includes Chinese deaths while the Vietnam War also includes fatalities in
Cambodia and Laos.
The American public probably is not
aware of these numbers and knows even less about the proxy wars for which the
United States is also responsible. In the latter wars there were between nine
and 14 million deaths in Afghanistan, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
East Timor, Guatemala, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sudan.
But the victims are not just from
big nations or one part of the world. The remaining deaths were in smaller ones
which constitute over half the total number of nations. Virtually all parts of
the world have been the target of U.S. intervention.
The overall conclusion reached is
that the United States most likely has been responsible since WWII for the
deaths of between 20 and 30 million people in wars and conflicts scattered over
the world.
To the families and friends of
these victims it makes little difference whether the causes were U.S. military
action, proxy military forces, the provision of U.S. military supplies or
advisors, or other ways, such as economic pressures applied by our nation. They
had to make decisions about other things such as finding lost loved ones,
whether to become refugees, and how to survive.
And the pain and anger is spread
even further. Some authorities estimate that there are as many as 10 wounded for
each person who dies in wars. Their visible, continued suffering is a continuing
reminder to their fellow countrymen.
It is essential that Americans
learn more about this topic so that they can begin to understand the pain that
others feel. Someone once observed that the Germans during WWII “chose not to
know.” We cannot allow history to say this about our country. The question posed
above was “How many September 11ths has the United States caused in other
nations since WWII?” The answer is: possibly 10,000.
Comments on Gathering These
Numbers
Generally speaking, the much
smaller number of Americans who have died is not included in this study, not
because they are not important, but because this report focuses on the impact of
U.S. actions on its adversaries.
An accurate count of the number of
deaths is not easy to achieve, and this collection of data was undertaken with
full realization of this fact. These estimates will probably be revised later
either upward or downward by the reader and the author. But undoubtedly the
total will remain in the millions.
The difficulty of gathering
reliable information is shown by two estimates in this context. For several
years I heard statements on radio that three million Cambodians had been killed
under the rule of the Khmer Rouge. However, in recent years the figure I heard
was one million. Another example is that the number of persons estimated to have
died in Iraq due to sanctions after the first U.S. Iraq War was over 1 million,
but in more recent years, based on a more recent study, a lower estimate of
around a half a million has emerged.
Often information about wars is
revealed only much later when someone decides to speak out, when more secret
information is revealed due to persistent efforts of a few, or after special
congressional committees make reports
Both victorious and defeated
nations may have their own reasons for underreporting the number of deaths.
Further, in recent wars involving the United States it was not uncommon to hear
statements like “we do not do body counts" and references to “collateral damage”
as a euphemism for dead and wounded. Life is cheap for some, especially those
who manipulate people on the battlefield as if it were a chessboard.
To say that it is difficult to get
exact figures is not to say that we should not try. Effort was needed to arrive
at the figures of 6six million Jews killed during WWI, but knowledge of that
number now is widespread and it has fueled the determination to prevent future
holocausts. That struggle continues.
The author can be contacted at
jlucas511@woh.rr.com
37 VICTIM
NATIONS
Afghanistan
The U.S. is responsible for between
1 and 1.8 million deaths during the war between the Soviet Union and
Afghanistan, by luring the Soviet Union into invading that nation. (1,2,3,4)
The Soviet Union had friendly
relations its neighbor, Afghanistan, which had a secular government. The Soviets
feared that if that government became fundamentalist this change could spill
over into the Soviet Union.
In 1998, in an interview with the
Parisian publication Le Novel Observateur, Zbigniew Brzezinski, adviser to
President Carter, admitted that he had been responsible for instigating aid to
the Mujahadeen in Afghanistan which caused the Soviets to invade. In his own
words:
“According to the official version
of history, CIA aid to the Mujahadeen began during 1980, that is to say, after
the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan on 24 December 1979. But the reality,
secretly guarded until now, is completely otherwise. Indeed, it was July 3, 1979
that President Carter signed the first directive for secret aid to the opponents
of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul. And that very day, I wrote a note to the
President in which I explained to him that in my opinion this aid was going to
induce a Soviet military intervention.” (5,1,6)
Brzezinski justified laying this
trap, since he said it gave the Soviet Union its Vietnam and caused the breakup
of the Soviet Union. “Regret what?” he said. “That secret operation was an
excellent idea. It had the effect of drawing the Russians into the Afghan trap
and you want me to regret it?” (7)
The CIA spent 5 to 6 billion
dollars on its operation in Afghanistan in order to bleed the Soviet Union.
(1,2,3) When that 10-year war ended over a million people were dead and Afghan
heroin had captured 60% of the U.S. market. (4)
The U.S. has been responsible
directly for about 12,000 deaths in Afghanistan many of which resulted from
bombing in retaliation for the attacks on U.S. property on September 11, 2001.
Subsequently U.S. troops invaded that country. (4)
Angola
An indigenous armed struggle
against Portuguese rule in Angola began in 1961. In 1977 an Angolan government
was recognized by the U.N., although the U.S. was one of the few nations that
opposed this action. In 1986 Uncle Sam approved material assistance to UNITA, a
group that was trying to overthrow the government. Even today this struggle,
which has involved many nations at times, continues.
U.S. intervention was justified to
the U.S. public as a reaction to the intervention of 50,000 Cuban troops in
Angola. However, according to Piero Gleijeses, a history professor at Johns
Hopkins University the reverse was true. The Cuban intervention came as a result
of a CIA – financed covert invasion via neighboring Zaire and a drive on the
Angolan capital by the U.S. ally, South Africa1,2,3). (Three estimates of deaths
range from 300,000 to 750,000 (4,5,6)
Argentina: See South
America: Operation Condor
Bangladesh: See
Pakistan
Bolivia
Hugo Banzer was the leader of a
repressive regime in Bolivia in the 1970s. The U.S. had been disturbed when a
previous leader nationalized the tin mines and distributed land to Indian
peasants. Later that action to benefit the poor was reversed.
Banzer, who was trained at the
U.S.-operated School of the Americas in Panama and later at Fort Hood, Texas,
came back from exile frequently to confer with U.S. Air Force Major Robert
Lundin. In 1971 he staged a successful coup with the help of the U.S. Air Force
radio system. In the first years of his dictatorship he received twice as
military assistance from the U.S. as in the previous dozen years
together.
A few years later the Catholic
Church denounced an army massacre of striking tin workers in 1975, Banzer,
assisted by information provided by the CIA, was able to target and locate
leftist priests and nuns. His anti-clergy strategy, known as the Banzer Plan,
was adopted by nine other Latin American dictatorships in 1977. (2) He has been
accused of being responsible for 400 deaths during his tenure. (1)
Also see: See South
America: Operation Condor
Brazil: See South
America: Operation Condor
Cambodia
U.S. bombing of Cambodia had
already been underway for several years in secret under the Johnson and Nixon
administrations, but when President Nixon openly began bombing in preparation
for a land assault on Cambodia it caused major protests in the U.S. against the
Vietnam War.
There is little awareness today of
the scope of these bombings and the human suffering involved.
Immense damage was done to the
villages and cities of Cambodia, causing refugees and internal displacement of
the population. This unstable situation enabled the Khmer Rouge, a small
political party led by Pol Pot, to assume power. Over the years we have
repeatedly heard about the Khmer Rouge’s role in the deaths of millions in
Cambodia without any acknowledgement being made this mass killing was made
possible by the the U.S. bombing of that nation which destabilized it by death ,
injuries, hunger and dislocation of its people.
So the U.S. bears responsibility
not only for the deaths from the bombings but also for those resulting from the
activities of the Khmer Rouge - a total of about 2.5 million people. Even when
Vietnam latrer invaded Cambodia in 1979 the CIA was still supporting the Khmer
Rouge. (1,2,3)
Also see
Vietnam
Chad
An estimated 40,000 people in Chad
were killed and as many as 200,000 tortured by a government, headed by Hissen
Habre who was brought to power in June, 1982 with the help of CIA money and
arms. He remained in power for eight years. (1,2)
Human Rights Watch claimed that
Habre was responsible for thousands of killings. In 2001, while living in
Senegal, he was almost tried for crimes committed by him in Chad. However, a
court there blocked these proceedings. Then human rights people decided to
pursue the case in Belgium, because some of Habre’s torture victims lived there.
The U.S., in June 2003, told Belgium that it risked losing its status as host to
NATO’s headquarters if it allowed such a legal proceeding to happen. So the
result was that the law that allowed victims to file complaints in Belgium for
atrocities committed abroad was repealed. However, two months later a new law
was passed which made special provision for the continuation of the case against
Habre.
Chile
The CIA intervened in Chile’s 1958
and 1964 elections. In 1970 a socialist candidate, Salvador Allende, was elected
president. The CIA wanted to incite a military coup to prevent his inauguration,
but the Chilean army’s chief of staff, General Rene Schneider, opposed this
action. The CIA then planned, along with some people in the Chilean military, to
assassinate Schneider. This plot failed and Allende took office. President Nixon
was not to be dissuaded and he ordered the CIA to create a coup climate: “Make
the economy scream,” he said.
What followed were guerilla warfare, arson,
bombing, sabotage and terror. ITT and other U.S. corporations with Chilean
holdings sponsored demonstrations and strikes. Finally, on September 11, 1973
Allende died either by suicide or by assassination. At that time Henry
Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, said the following regarding Chile: “I don’t
see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist because of the
irresponsibility of its own people.” (1)
During 17 years of terror under
Allende’s successor, General Augusto Pinochet, an estimated 3,000 Chileans were
killed and many others were tortured or “disappeared.” (2,3,4,5)
Also see South America:
Operation Condor
China An estimated 900,000
Chinese died during the Korean War. For more information, See:
Korea.
Colombia
One estimate is that 67,000 deaths
have occurred from the 1960s to recent years due to support by the U.S. of
Colombian state terrorism. (1)
According to a 1994 Amnesty
International report, more than 20,000 people were killed for political reasons
in Colombia since 1986, mainly by the military and its paramilitary allies.
Amnesty alleged that “U.S.- supplied military equipment, ostensibly delivered
for use against narcotics traffickers, was being used by the Colombian military
to commit abuses in the name of “counter-insurgency.” (2) In 2002 another
estimate was made that 3,500 people die each year in a U.S. funded civilian war
in Colombia. (3)
In 1996 Human Rights Watch issued a
report “Assassination Squads in Colombia” which revealed that CIA agents went to
Colombia in 1991 to help the military to train undercover agents in
anti-subversive activity. (4,5)
In recent years the U.S. government
has provided assistance under Plan Colombia. The Colombian government has been
charged with using most of the funds for destruction of crops and support of the
paramilitary group.
Cuba
In the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba
on April 18, 1961 which ended after 3 days, 114 of the invading force were
killed, 1,189 were taken prisoners and a few escaped to waiting U.S. ships. (1)
The captured exiles were quickly tried, a few executed and the rest sentenced to
thirty years in prison for treason. These exiles were released after 20 months
in exchange for $53 million in food and medicine.
Some people estimate that the
number of Cuban forces killed range from 2,000, to 4,000. Another estimate is
that 1,800 Cuban forces were killed on an open highway by napalm. This appears
to have been a precursor of the Highway of Death in Iraq in 1991 when U.S.
forces mercilessly annihilated large numbers of Iraqis on a highway.
(2)
Democratic Republic of
Congo (formerly Zaire)
The beginning of massive violence
was instigated in this country in 1879 by its colonizer King Leopold of Belgium.
The Congo’s population was reduced by 10 million people over a period of 20
years which some have referred to as “Leopold’s Genocide.” (1) The U.S. has been
responsible for about a third of that many deaths in that nation in the more
recent past. (2)
In 1960 the Congo became an
independent state with Patrice Lumumba being its first prime minister. He was
assassinated with the CIA being implicated, although some say that his murder
was actually the responsibility of Belgium. (3) But nevertheless, the CIA was
planning to kill him. (4) Before his assassination the CIA sent one of its
scientists, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, to the Congo carrying “lethal biological
material” intended for use in Lumumba’s assassination. This virus would have
been able to produce a fatal disease indigenous to the Congo area of Africa and
was transported in a diplomatic pouch.
Much of the time in recent years
there has been a civil war within the Democratic Republic of Congo, fomented
often by the U.S. and other nations, including neighboring nations.
(5)
In April 1977, Newsday reported
that the CIA was secretly supporting efforts to recruit several hundred
mercenaries in the U.S. and Great Britain to serve alongside Zaire’s army. In
that same year the U.S. provided $15 million of military supplies to the Zairian
President Mobutu to fend off an invasion by a rival group operating in Angola.
(6)
In May 1979, the U.S. sent several
million dollars of aid to Mobutu who had been condemned 3 months earlier by the
U.S. State Department for human rights violations. (7) During the Cold War the
U.S. funneled over 300 million dollars in weapons into Zaire (8,9) $100 million
in military training was provided to him. (2) In 2001 it was reported to a U.S.
congressional committee that American companies, including one linked to former
President George Bush Sr., were stoking the Congo for monetary gains. There is
an international battle over resources in that country with over 125 companies
and individuals being implicated. One of these substances is coltan, which is
used in the manufacture of cell phones. (2)
Dominican
Republic
In 1962, Juan Bosch became
president of the Dominican Republic. He advocated such programs as land reform
and public works programs. This did not bode well for his future relationship
with the U.S., and after only 7 months in office, he was deposed by a CIA coup.
In 1965 when a group was trying to reinstall him to his office President Johnson
said, “This Bosch is no good.” Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Mann replied
“He’s no good at all. If we don’t get a decent government in there, Mr.
President, we get another Bosch. It’s just going to be another sinkhole.” Two
days later a U.S. invasion started and 22,000 soldiers and marines entered the
Dominican Republic and about 3,000 Dominicans died during the fighting. The
cover excuse for doing this was that this was done to protect foreigners there.
(1,2,3,4)
East
Timor
In December 1975, Indonesia invaded
East Timor. This incursion was launched the day after U.S. President Gerald Ford
and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had left Indonesia where they had given
President Suharto permission to use American arms, which under U.S. law, could
not be used for aggression. Daniel Moynihan, U.S. ambassador to the UN. said
that the U.S. wanted “things to turn out as they did.” (1,2) The result was an
estimated 200,000 dead out of a population of 700,000. (1,2)
Sixteen years later, on November
12, 1991, two hundred and seventeen East Timorese protesters in Dili, many of
them children, marching from a memorial service, were gunned down by Indonesian
Kopassus shock troops who were headed by U.S.- trained commanders Prabowo
Subianto (son in law of General Suharto) and Kiki Syahnakri. Trucks were seen
dumping bodies into the sea. (5)
El Salvador
The civil war from 1981 to1992 in
El Salvador was financed by $6 billion in U.S. aid given to support the
government in its efforts to crush a movement to bring social justice to the
people in that nation of about 8 million people. (1)
During that time U.S.
military advisers demonstrated methods of torture on teenage prisoners,
according to an interview with a deserter from the Salvadoran army published in
the New York Times. This former member of the Salvadoran National Guard
testified that he was a member of a squad of twelve who found people who they
were told were guerillas and tortured them. Part of the training he received was
in torture at a U.S. location somewhere in Panama. (2)
About 900 villagers were massacred
in the village of El Mozote in 1981. Ten of the twelve El Salvadoran government
soldiers cited as participating in this act were graduates of the School of the
Americas operated by the U.S. (2) They were only a small part of about 75,000
people killed during that civil war. (1)
According to a 1993 United Nations’
Truth Commission report, over 96 % of the human rights violations carried out
during the war were committed by the Salvadoran army or the paramilitary deaths
squads associated with the Salvadoran army. (3)
That commission linked graduates of
the School of the Americas to many notorious killings. The New York Times and
the Washington Post followed with scathing articles. In 1996, the White House
Oversight Board issued a report that supported many of the charges against that
school made by Rev. Roy Bourgeois, head of the School of the Americas Watch.
That same year the Pentagon released formerly classified reports indicating that
graduates were trained in killing, extortion, and physical abuse for
interrogations, false imprisonment and other methods of control. (4)
Grenada
The CIA began to destabilize
Grenada in 1979 after Maurice Bishop became president, partially because he
refused to join the quarantine of Cuba. The campaign against him resulted in his
overthrow and the invasion by the U.S. of Grenada on October 25, 1983, with
about 277 people dying. (1,2) It was fallaciously charged that an airport was
being built in Grenada that could be used to attack the U.S. and it was also
erroneously claimed that the lives of American medical students on that island
were in danger.
Guatemala
In 1951 Jacobo Arbenz was elected
president of Guatemala. He appropriated some unused land operated by the United
Fruit Company and compensated the company. (1,2) That company then started a
campaign to paint Arbenz as a tool of an international conspiracy and hired
about 300 mercenaries who sabotaged oil supplies and trains. (3) In 1954 a
CIA-orchestrated coup put him out of office and he left the country. During the
next 40 years various regimes killed thousands of people.
In 1999 the Washington Post
reported that an Historical Clarification Commission concluded that over 200,000
people had been killed during the civil war and that there had been 42,000
individual human rights violations, 29,000 of them fatal, 92% of which were
committed by the army. The commission further reported that the U.S. government
and the CIA had pressured the Guatemalan government into suppressing the
guerilla movement by ruthless means. (4,5)
According to the Commission between
1981 and 1983 the military government of Guatemala – financed and supported by
the U.S. government – destroyed some four hundred Mayan villages in a campaign
of genocide. (4)
One of the documents made available to the commission was a
1966 memo from a U.S. State Department official, which described how a “safe
house” was set up in the palace for use by Guatemalan security agents and their
U.S. contacts. This was the headquarters for the Guatemalan “dirty war” against
leftist insurgents and suspected allies. (2)
Haiti
From 1957 to 1986 Haiti was ruled
by Papa Doc Duvalier and later by his son. During that time their private
terrorist force killed between 30,000 and 100,000 people. (1) Millions of
dollars in CIA subsidies flowed into Haiti during that time, mainly to suppress
popular movements, (2) although most American military aid to the country,
according to William Blum, was covertly channeled through Israel.
Reportedly, governments after the
second Duvalier reign were responsible for an even larger number of fatalities,
and the influence on Haiti by the U.S., particularly through the CIA, has
continued. The U.S. later forced out of the presidential office a black Catholic
priest, Jean Bertrand Aristide, even though he was elected with 67% of the vote
in the early 1990s. The wealthy white class in Haiti opposed him in this
predominantly black nation, because of his social programs designed to help the
poor and end corruption. (3) Later he returned to office, but that did not last
long. He was forced by the U.S. to leave office and now lives in South
Africa.
Honduras
In the 1980s the CIA supported
Battalion 316 in Honduras, which kidnapped, tortured and killed hundreds of its
citizens. Torture equipment and manuals were provided by CIA Argentinean
personnel who worked with U.S. agents in the training of the Hondurans.
Approximately 400 people lost their lives. (1,2) This is another instance of
torture in the world sponsored by the U.S. (3)
Battalion 316 used shock and
suffocation devices in interrogations in the 1980s. Prisoners often were kept
naked and, when no longer useful, killed and buried in unmarked graves.
Declassified documents and other sources show that the CIA and the U.S. Embassy
knew of numerous crimes, including murder and torture, yet continued to support
Battalion 316 and collaborate with its leaders.” (4)
Honduras was a staging ground in
the early 1980s for the Contras who were trying to overthrow the socialist
Sandinista government in Nicaragua. John D. Negroponte, currently Deputy
Secretary of State, was our embassador when our military aid to Honduras rose
from $4 million to $77.4 million per year. Negroponte denies having had any
knowledge of these atrocities during his tenure. However, his predecessor in
that position, Jack R. Binns, had reported in 1981 that he was deeply concerned
at increasing evidence of officially sponsored/sanctioned assassinations.
(5)
Hungary
In 1956 Hungary, a Soviet satellite
nation, revolted against the Soviet Union. During the uprising broadcasts by the
U.S. Radio Free Europe into Hungary sometimes took on an aggressive tone,
encouraging the rebels to believe that Western support was imminent, and even
giving tactical advice on how to fight the Soviets. Their hopes were raised then
dashed by these broadcasts which cast an even darker shadow over the Hungarian
tragedy.“ (1) The Hungarian and Soviet death toll was about 3,000 and the
revolution was crushed. (2)
Indonesia
In 1965, in Indonesia, a coup
replaced General Sukarno with General Suharto as leader. The U.S. played a role
in that change of government. Robert Martens,a former officer in the U.S.
embassy in Indonesia, described how U.S. diplomats and CIA officers provided up
to 5,000 names to Indonesian Army death squads in 1965 and checked them off as
they were killed or captured. Martens admitted that “I probably have a lot of
blood on my hands, but that’s not all bad. There’s a time when you have to
strike hard at a decisive moment.” (1,2,3) Estimates of the number of deaths
range from 500,000 to 3 million. (4,5,6)
From 1993 to 1997 the U.S. provided
Jakarta with almost $400 million in economic aid and sold tens of million of
dollars of weaponry to that nation. U.S. Green Berets provided training for the
Indonesia’s elite force which was responsible for many of atrocities in East
Timor. (3)
Iran
Iran lost about 262,000 people in
the war against Iraq from 1980 to 1988. (1) See Iraq for more information about
that war.
On July 3, 1988 the U.S. Navy ship,
the Vincennes, was operating withing Iranian waters providing military support
for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war. During a battle against Iranian gunboats it
fired two missiles at an Iranian Airbus, which was on a routine civilian flight.
All 290 civilian on board were killed. (2,3)
Iraq
A. The Iraq-Iran War lasted from
1980 to 1988 and during that time there were about 105,000 Iraqi deaths
according to the Washington Post. (1,2)
According to Howard Teicher, a
former National Security Council official, the U.S. provided the Iraqis with
billions of dollars in credits and helped Iraq in other ways such as making sure
that Iraq had military equipment including biological agents This surge of help
for Iraq came as Iran seemed to be winning the war and was close to Basra. (1)
The U.S. was not adverse to both countries weakening themselves as a result of
the war, but it did not appear to want either side to win.
B: The U.S.-Iraq War and
the Sanctions Against Iraq extended from 1990 to 2003.
Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2,
1990 and the U.S. responded by demanding that Iraq withdraw, and four days later
the U.N. levied international sanctions.
Iraq had reason to believe that the
U.S. would not object to its invasion of Kuwait, since U.S. Ambassador to Iraq,
April Glaspie, had told Saddam Hussein that the U.S. had no position on the
dispute that his country had with Kuwait. So the green light was given, but it
seemed to be more of a trap.
As a part of the public relations
strategy to energize the American public into supporting an attack against Iraq
the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the U.S. falsely testified before
Congress that Iraqi troops were pulling the plugs on incubators in Iraqi
hospitals. (1) This contributed to a war frenzy in the U.S.
The U.S. air assault started on
January 17, 1991 and it lasted for 42 days. On February 23 President H.W. Bush
ordered the U.S. ground assault to begin. The invasion took place with much
needless killing of Iraqi military personnel. Only about 150 American military
personnel died compared to about 200,000 Iraqis. Some of the Iraqis were
mercilessly killed on the Highway of Death and about 400 tons of depleted
uranium were left in that nation by the U.S. (2,3)
Other deaths later were from
delayed deaths due to wounds, civilians killed, those killed by effects of
damage of the Iraqi water treatment facilities and other aspects of its damaged
infrastructure and by the sanctions.
In 1995 the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the U.N. reported that U.N sanctions against on Iraq had been
responsible for the deaths of more than 560,000 children since 1990.
(5)
Leslie Stahl on the TV Program 60
Minutes in 1996 mentioned to Madeleine Albright, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. “We
have heard that a half million children have died. I mean, that’s more children
than died in Hiroshima. And - and you know, is the price worth it?” Albright
replied “I think this is a very hard choice, but the price – we think is worth
it.” (4)
In 1999 UNICEF reported that 5,000
children died each month as a result of the sanction and the War with the U.S.
(6)
Richard Garfield later estimated
that the more likely number of excess deaths among children under five years of
age from 1990 through March 1998 to be 227,000 – double those of the previous
decade. Garfield estimated that the numbers to be 350,000 through 2000 (based in
part on result of another study). (7)
However, there are limitations to
his study. His figures were not updated for the remaining three years of the
sanctions. Also, two other somewhat vulnerable age groups were not studied:
young children above the age of five and the elderly.
All of these reports were
considerable indicators of massive numbers of deaths which the U.S. was aware of
and which was a part of its strategy to cause enough pain and terror among
Iraqis to cause them to revolt against their government.
C: Iraq-U.S. War started in
2003 and has not been concluded
Just as the end of the Cold War
emboldened the U.S. to attack Iraq in 1991 so the attacks of September 11, 2001
laid the groundwork for the U.S. to launch the current war against Iraq. While
in some other wars we learned much later about the lies that were used to
deceive us, some of the deceptions that were used to get us into this war became
known almost as soon as they were uttered. There were no weapons of mass
destruction, we were not trying to promote democracy, we were not trying to save
the Iraqi people from a dictator.
The total number of Iraqi deaths
that are a result of our current Iraq against Iraq War is 654,000, of which
600,000 are attributed to acts of violence, according to Johns Hopkins
researchers. (1,2)
Since these deaths are a result of
the U.S. invasion, our leaders must accept responsibility for them.
Israeli-Palestinian
War
About 100,000 to 200,000 Israelis
and Palestinians, but mostly the latter, have been killed in the struggle
between those two groups. The U.S. has been a strong supporter of Israel,
providing billions of dollars in aid and supporting its possession of nuclear
weapons. (1,2)
Korea, North and
South
The Korean War started in 1950
when, according to the Truman administration, North Korea invaded South Korea on
June 25th. However, since then another explanation has emerged which maintains
that the attack by North Korea came during a time of many border incursions by
both sides. South Korea initiated most of the border clashes with North Korea
beginning in 1948. The North Korea government claimed that by 1949 the South
Korean army committed 2,617 armed incursions. It was a myth that the Soviet
Union ordered North Korea to attack South Korea. (1,2)
The U.S. started its attack before
a U.N. resolution was passed supporting our nation’s intervention, and our
military forces added to the mayhem in the war by introducing the use of napalm.
(1)
During the war the bulk of the
deaths were South Koreans, North Koreans and Chinese. Four sources give deaths
counts ranging from 1.8 to 4.5 million. (3,4,5,6) Another source gives a total
of 4 million but does not identify to which nation they belonged. (7)
John H. Kim, a U.S. Army veteran
and the Chair of the Korea Committee of Veterans for Peace, stated in an article
that during the Korean War “the U.S. Army, Air Force and Navy were directly
involved in the killing of about three million civilians – both South and North
Koreans – at many locations throughout Korea…It is reported that the U.S.
dropped some 650,000 tons of bombs, including 43,000 tons of napalm bombs,
during the Korean War.” It is presumed that this total does not include Chinese
casualties.
Another source states a total of
about 500,000 who were Koreans and presumably only military. (8,9)
Laos
From 1965 to 1973 during the
Vietnam War the U.S. dropped over two million tons of bombs on Laos – more than
was dropped in WWII by both sides. Over a quarter of the population became
refugees. This was later called a “secret war,” since it occurred at the same
time as the Vietnam War, but got little press. Hundreds of thousands were
killed. Branfman make the only estimate that I am aware of , stating that
hundreds of thousands died. This can be interpeted to mean that at least 200,000
died. (1,2,3)
U.S. military intervention in Laos
actually began much earlier. A civil war started in the 1950s when the U.S.
recruited a force of 40,000 Laotians to oppose the Pathet Lao, a leftist
political party that ultimately took power in 1975.
Also See
Vietnam
Nepal
Between 8,000 and 12,000 Nepalese
have died since a civil war broke out in 1996. The death rate, according to
Foreign Policy in Focus, sharply increased with the arrival of almost 8,400
American M-16 submachine guns (950 rpm) and U.S. advisers. Nepal is 85 percent
rural and badly in need of land reform. Not surprisingly 42 % of its people live
below the poverty level. (1,2)
In 2002, after another civil war
erupted, President George W. Bush pushed a bill through Congress authorizing $20
million in military aid to the Nepalese government. (3)
Nicaragua
In 1981 the Sandinistas overthrew
the Somoza government in Nicaragua, (1) and until 1990 about 25,000 Nicaraguans
were killed in an armed struggle between the Sandinista government and Contra
rebels who were formed from the remnants of Somoza’s national government. The
use of assassination manuals by the Contras surfaced in 1984. (2,3)
The U.S. supported the victorious
government regime by providing covert military aid to the Contras
(anti-communist guerillas) starting in November, 1981. But when Congress
discovered that the CIA had supervised acts of sabotage in Nicaragua without
notifying Congress, it passed the Boland Amendment in 1983 which prohibited the
CIA, Defense Department and any other government agency from providing any
further covert military assistance. (4)
But ways were found to get around
this prohibition. The National Security Council, which was not explicitly
covered by the law, raised private and foreign funds for the Contras. In
addition, arms were sold to Iran and the proceeds were diverted from those sales
to the Contras engaged in the insurgency against the Sandinista government. (5)
Finally, the Sandinistas were voted out of office in 1990 by voters who thought
that a change in leadership would placate the U.S., which was causing misery to
Nicaragua’s citizenry by it support of the Contras.
Pakistan
In 1971 West Pakistan, an
authoritarian state supported by the U.S., brutally invaded East Pakistan. The
war ended after India, whose economy was staggering after admitting about 10
million refugees, invaded East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and defeated the West
Pakistani forces. (1)
Millions of people died during that
brutal struggle, referred to by some as genocide committed by West Pakistan.
That country had long been an ally of the U.S., starting with $411 million
provided to establish its armed forces which spent 80% of its budget on its
military. $15 million in arms flowed into W. Pakistan during the war.
(2,3,4)
Three sources estimate that 3
million people died and (5,2,6) one source estimates 1.5 million. (3)
Panama
In December, 1989 U.S. troops
invaded Panama, ostensibly to arrest Manuel Noriega, that nation’s president.
This was an example of the U.S. view that it is the master of the world and can
arrest anyone it wants to. For a number of years before that he had worked for
the CIA, but fell out of favor partially because he was not an opponent of the
Sandinistas in Nicaragua. (1) It has been estimated that between 500 and 4,000
people died. (2,3,4)
Paraguay: See South
America: Operation Condor
Philippines
The Philippines were under the
control of the U.S. for over a hundred years. In about the last 50 to 60 years
the U.S. has funded and otherwise helped various Philippine governments which
sought to suppress the activities of groups working for the welfare of its
people. In 1969 the Symington Committee in the U.S. Congress revealed how war
material was sent there for a counter-insurgency campaign. U.S. Special Forces
and Marines were active in some combat operations. The estimated number of
persons that were executed and disappeared under President Fernando Marcos was
over 100,000. (1,2)
South America: Operation
Condor
This was a joint operation of 6
despotic South American governments (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay
and Uruguay) to share information about their political opponents. An estimated
13,000 people were killed under this plan. (1)
It was established on November 25,
1975 in Chile by an act of the Interamerican Reunion on Military Intelligence.
According to U.S. embassy political officer, John Tipton, the CIA and the
Chilean Secret Police were working together, although the CIA did not set up the
operation to make this collaboration work. Reportedly, it ended in 1983.
(2)
On March 6, 2001 the New York Times
reported the existence of a recently declassified State Department document
revealing that the United States facilitated communications for Operation
Condor. (3)
Sudan
Since 1955, when it gained its
independence, Sudan has been involved most of the time in a civil war. Until
about 2003 approximately 2 million people had been killed. It not known if the
death toll in Darfur is part of that total.
Human rights groups have complained
that U.S. policies have helped to prolong the Sudanese civil war by supporting
efforts to overthrow the central government in Khartoum. In 1999 U.S. Secretary
of State Madeleine Albright met with the leader of the Sudan People’s Liberation
Army (SPLA) who said that she offered him food supplies if he would reject a
peace plan sponsored by Egypt and Libya.
In 1978 the vastness of Sudan’s oil
reservers was discovered and within two years it became the sixth largest
recipient of U.S, military aid. It’s reasonable to assume that if the U.S. aid a
government to come to power it will feel obligated to give the U.S. part of the
oil pie.
A British group, Christian Aid, has
accused foreign oil companies of complicity in the depopulation of villages.
These companies – not American – receive government protection and in turn allow
the government use of its airstrips and roads.
In August 1998 the U.S. bombed
Khartoum, Sudan with 75 cruise míssiles. Our government said that the target was
a chemical weapons factory owned by Osama bin Laden. Actually, bin Laden was no
longer the owner, and the plant had been the sole supplier of pharmaceutical
supplies for that poor nation. As a result of the bombing tens of thousands may
have died because of the lack of medicines to treat malaria, tuberculosis and
other diseases. The U.S. settled a lawsuit filed by the factory’s owner.
(1,2)
Uruguay: See South America:
Operation Condor
Vietnam
In Vietnam, under an agreement
several decades ago, there was supposed to be an election for a unified North
and South Vietnam. The U.S. opposed this and supported the Diem government in
South Vietnam. In August, 1964 the CIA and others helped fabricate a phony
Vietnamese attack on a U.S. ship in the Gulf of Tonkin and this was used as a
pretext for greater U.S. involvement in Vietnam. (1)
During that war an American
assassination operation,called Operation Phoenix, terrorized the South
Vietnamese people, and during the war American troops were responsible in 1968
for the mass slaughter of the people in the village of My Lai.
According to a Vietnamese
government statement in 1995 the number of deaths of civilians and military
personnel during the Vietnam War was 5.1 million. (2)
Since deaths in Cambodia and Laos
were about 2.7 million (See Cambodia and Laos) the estimated total for the
Vietnam War is 7.8 million.
The Virtual Truth Commission
provides a total for the war of 5 million, (3) and Robert McNamara, former
Secretary Defense, according to the New York Times Magazine says that the number
of Vietnamese dead is 3.4 million. (4,5)
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was a socialist
federation of several republics. Since it refused to be closely tied to the
Soviet Union during the Cold War, it gained some suport from the U.S. But when
the Soviet Union dissolved, Yugoslavia’s usefulness to the U.S. ended, and the
U.S and Germany worked to convert its socialist economy to a capitalist one by a
process primarily of dividing and conquering. There were ethnic and religious
differences between various parts of Yugoslavia which were manipulated by the
U.S. to cause several wars which resulted in the dissolution of that country.
From the early 1990s until now
Yugoslavia split into several independent nations whose lowered income, along
with CIA connivance, has made it a pawn in the hands of capitalist countries.
(1) The dissolution of Yugoslavia was caused primarily by the U.S.
(2)
Here are estimates of some, if not
all, of the internal wars in Yugoslavia. All wars: 107,000; (3,4)
Bosnia and Krajina: 250,000; (5)
Bosnia: 20,000 to 30,000; (5) Croatia: 15,000; (6) and
Kosovo: 500 to 5,000.
(7)
NOTES
Afghanistan
1.Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p.135.
2.Chronology of American State
Terrorism
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_
terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html
3.Soviet War in Afghanistan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan
4.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.76
5.U.S Involvement in Afghanistan,
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in
Afghanistan)
6.The CIA's Intervention in
Afghanistan, Interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur, Paris,
15-21 January 1998, Posted at globalresearch.ca 15 October 2001, http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/BRZ110A.html
7.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p.5
8.Unknown News, http://www.unknownnews.net/casualtiesw.html
Angola
1.Howard W. French “From Old Files,
a New Story of the U.S. Role in the Angolan War” New York Times 3/31/02
2.Angolan Update, American Friends
Service Committee FS, 11/1/99 flyer.
3.Norman Solomon, War Made Easy,
(John Wiley & Sons, 2005) p. 82-83.
4.Lance Selfa, U.S. Imperialism, A
Century of Slaughter, International Socialist Review Issue 7, Spring 1999 (as
appears in Third world Traveler www.
thirdworldtraveler.com/American_Empire/Century_Imperialism.html)
5. Jeffress Ramsay, Africa ,
(Dushkin/McGraw Hill Guilford Connecticut), 1997, p. 144-145.
6.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.54.
Argentina : See South America:
Operation Condor
Bolivia
1. Phil Gunson, Guardian,
5/6/02,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/archive
/article/0,4273,41-07884,00.html
2.Jerry Meldon, Return of
Bolilvia’s Drug – Stained Dictator, Consortium, www.consortiumnews.com/archives/story40.html.
Brazil See South
America: Operation Condor
Cambodia
1.Virtual Truth Commissiion http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/
.
2.David Model, President Richard
Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the Bombing of Cambodia excerpted from the book
Lying for Empire How to Commit War Crimes With A Straight Face, Common Courage
Press, 2005, paper http://thirdworldtraveler.com/American_Empire/Nixon_Cambodia_LFE.html.
3.Noam Chomsky, Chomsky on Cambodia
under Pol Pot, etc., http//zmag.org/forums/chomcambodforum.htm.
Chad
1.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 151-152 .
2.Richard Keeble, Crimes Against
Humanity in Chad, Znet/Activism 12/4/06 http://www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=11560§ionID=1).
Chile
1.Parenti, Michael, The Sword and
the Dollar (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1989) p. 56.
2.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 142-143.
3.Moreorless: Heroes and Killers of
the 20th Century, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte,
http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/pinochet.html
4.Associated Press,Pincohet on 91st
Birthday, Takes Responsibility for Regimes’s Abuses, Dayton Daily News
11/26/06
5.Chalmers Johnson, Blowback, The
Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Henry Holt and Company,
2000), p. 18.
China: See
Korea
Colombia
1.Chronology of American State
Terrorism, p.2
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html).
2.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 163.
3.Millions Killed by Imperialism
Washington Post May 6, 2002) http://www.etext.org./Politics/MIM/rail/impkills.html
4.Gabriella Gamini, CIA Set Up
Death Squads in Colombia Times Newspapers Limited, Dec. 5, 1996, www.edu/CommunicationsStudies/ben/news/cia/961205.death.html).
5.Virtual Truth Commission,
1991
Human Rights Watch Report:
Colombia’s Killer Networks--The Military-Paramilitary Partnership).
Cuba
1.St. James Encyclopedia of Popular
Culture – on Bay of Pigs Invasion http://bookrags.com/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion.
2.Wikipedia http://bookrags.com/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion#Casualties.
Democratic Republic of
Congo (Formerly Zaire)
1.F. Jeffress Ramsey, Africa
(Guilford Connecticut, 1997), p. 85
2. Anup Shaw The Democratic
Republic of Congo, 10/31/2003) http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/Africa/DRC.asp)
3.Kevin Whitelaw, A Killing in
Congo, U. S. News and World Report http://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/patrice.htm
4.William Blum, Killing Hope
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p 158-159.
5.Ibid.,p. 260
6.Ibid.,p. 259
7.Ibid.,p.262
8.David Pickering, “World War in
Africa, 6/26/02,
www.9-11peace.org/bulletin.php3
9.William D. Hartung and Bridget
Moix, Deadly Legacy; U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War, Arms Trade Resource
Center, January , 2000 www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/congo.htm
Dominican
Republic
1.Norman Solomon, (untitled)
Baltimore Sun April 26, 2005
http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/history/2005/0426spincycle.htm
Intervention
Spin Cycle
2.Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Power_Pack
3.William Blum, Killing Hope
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 175.
4.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.26-27.
East Timor
1.Virtual Truth Commission,
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/date4.htm
2.Matthew Jardine, Unraveling
Indonesia, Nonviolent Activist, 1997)
3.Chronology of American State
Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html
4.William Blum, Killing Hope
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 197.
5.US trained butchers of Timor, The
Guardian, London. Cited by The Drudge Report, September 19, 1999. http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/indon.htm
El Salvador
1.Robert T. Buckman, Latin America
2003, (Stryker-Post Publications Baltimore 2003) p. 152-153.
2.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 54-55.
3.El Salvador, Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador#The_20th_century_and_beyond)
4.Virtual Truth Commissiion http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/.
Grenada
1.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p. 66-67.
2.Stephen Zunes, The U.S. Invasion
of Grenada, http://wwwfpif.org/papers/grenada2003.html
.
Guatemala
1.Virtual Truth Commissiion http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/
2.Ibid.
3.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.2-13.
4.Robert T. Buckman, Latin America
2003 (Stryker-Post Publications Baltimore 2003) p. 162.
5.Douglas Farah, Papers Show U.S.
Role in Guatemalan Abuses, Washington Post Foreign Service, March 11, 1999, A 26
Haiti
1.Francois Duvalier, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier#Reign_of_terror).
2.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p 87.
3.William Blum, Haiti 1986-1994:
Who Will Rid Me of This Turbulent Priest, http://www.doublestandards.org/blum8.html
Honduras
1.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 55.
2.Reports by Country: Honduras,
Virtual Truth Commission http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/honduras.htm
3.James A. Lucas, Torture Gets The
Silence Treatment, Countercurrents, July 26, 2004.
4.Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson,
Unearthed: Fatal Secrets, Baltimore Sun, reprint of a series that appeared June
11-18, 1995 in Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, School of Assassins, p. 46 Orbis Books
2001.
5.Michael Dobbs, Negroponte’s Time
in Honduras at Issue, Washington Post, March 21, 2005
Hungary
1.Edited by Malcolm Byrne, The 1956
Hungarian Revoluiton: A history in Documents November 4, 2002 http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/index2.htm
2.Wikipedia The Free
Encyclopedia,
http://www.answers.com/topic/hungarian-revolution-of-1956
Indonesia
1.Virtual Truth Commission http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/.
2.Editorial, Indonesia’s Killers,
The Nation, March 30, 1998.
3.Matthew Jardine, Indonesia
Unraveling, Non Violent Activist Sept–Oct, 1997 (Amnesty) 2/7/07.
4.Sison, Jose Maria, Reflections on
the 1965 Massacre in Indonesia, p. 5. http://qc.indymedia.org/mail.php?id=5602;
5.Annie Pohlman, Women and the
Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Gender Variables and Possible Direction for
Research, p.4, http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2004/Pohlman-A-ASAA.pdf
6.Peter Dale Scott, The United
States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-1967, Pacific Affairs, 58, Summer
1985, pages 239-264. http://www.namebase.org/scott.
7.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.30.
Iran
1.Geoff Simons, Iraq from Sumer to
Saddam, 1996, St. Martins Press, NY p. 317.
2.Chronology of American State
Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html.
3.BBC 1988: US Warship Shoots Down
Iranian Airliner http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/default.stm
)
Iraq
Iran-Iraq
War
1.Michael Dobbs, U.S. Had Key role
in Iraq Buildup, Washington Post December 30, 2002, p A01 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A52241-2002Dec29?language=printer
2.Global Security.Org , Iran Iraq
War (1980-1980) globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm.
U.S. Iraq War and
Sanctions
1.Ramsey Clark, The Fire This Time
(New York, Thunder’s Mouth), 1994, p.31-32
2.Ibid., p. 52-54
3.Ibid., p. 43
4.Anthony Arnove, Iraq Under Siege,
(South End Press Cambridge MA 2000). p. 175.
5.Food and Agricultural
Organizaiton, The Children are Dying, 1995 World View Forum, Internationa Action
Center, International Relief Association, p. 78
6.Anthony Arnove, Iraq Under Siege,
South End Press Cambridge MA 2000. p. 61.
7.David Cortright, A Hard Look at
Iraq Sanctions December 3, 2001, The Nation.
U.S-Iraq War
2003-?
1.Jonathan Bor 654,000 Deaths Tied
to Iraq War Baltimore Sun , October 11,2006
2.News http://www.unknownnews.net/casualties.html
Israeli-Palestinian War
1.Post-1967 Palestinian &
Israeli Deaths from Occupation & Violence May 16, 2006 http://globalavoidablemortality.blogspot.com/2006/05/post-1967-palestinian-israeli-deaths.html)
2.Chronology of American State
Terrorism
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html
Korea
1.James I. Matray Revisiting Korea:
Exposing Myths of the Forgotten War, Korean War Teachers Conference: The Korean
War, February 9, 2001 http://www.truman/library.org/Korea/matray1.htm
2.William Blum, Killing Hope
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 46
3.Kanako Tokuno, Chinese Winter
Offensive in Korean War – the Debacle of American Strategy, ICE Case Studies
Number 186, May, 2006 http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/chosin.htm.
4.John G. Stroessinger, Why Nations
go to War, (New York; St. Martin’s Press), p. 99)
5.Britannica Concise Encyclopedia,
as reported in Answers.com http://www.answers.com/topic/Korean-war
6.Exploring the Environment: Korean
Enigma www.cet.edu/ete/modules/korea/kwar.html)
7.S. Brian Wilson, Who are the Real
Terrorists? Virtual Truth Commisson http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/
8.Korean War Casualty Statistics www.century
china.com/history/krwarcost.html)
9.S. Brian Wilson, Documenting U.S.
War Crimes in North Korea (Veterans for Peace Newsletter) Spring, 2002) http://www.veteransforpeace.org/
Laos
1.William Blum Rogue State (Maine,
Common Cause Press) p. 136
2.Chronology of American State
Terrorism http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html
3.Fred Branfman, War Crimes in
Indochina and our Troubled National Soul
www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2004/08/00_branfman_us-warcrimes-indochina.htm).
Nepal
1.Conn Hallinan, Nepal & the
Bush Administration: Into Thin Air, February 3, 2004
fpif.org/commentary/2004/0402nepal.html.
2.Human Rights Watch, Nepal’s Civil
War: the Conflict Resumes, March 2006 )
http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/03/28/nepal13078.htm.
3.Wayne Madsen, Possible CIA Hand
in the Murder of the Nepal Royal Family, India Independent Media Center,
September 25, 2001 http://india.indymedia.org/en/2002/09/2190.shtml.
Nicaragua
1.Virtual Truth Commission
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/.
2.Timeline Nicaragua
www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/timeline/).
3.Chronology of American State
Terrorism,
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/ChronologyofTerror.html.
4.William Blum, Nicaragua 1981-1990
Destabilization in Slow Motion
www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/Nicaragua_KH.html.
5.Wikipedia, the Free
Encyclopedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair.
Pakistan
1.John G. Stoessinger, Why Nations
Go to War, (New York: St. Martin’s Press), 1974 pp 157-172.
2.Asad Ismi, A U.S. – Financed
Military Dictatorship, The CCPA Monitor, June 2002, Canadian Centre for Policy
Alternatives http://www.policyaltematives.ca) www.ckln.fm/~asadismi/pakistan.html
3.Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p.123, 124.
4.Arjum Niaz ,When America Look the
Other Way by,
www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=2821§ionID=1
5.Leo Kuper, Genocide (Yale
University Press, 1981), p. 79.
6.Bangladesh Liberation War ,
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War#USA_and_USSR)
Panama
1.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’s
Greatest Hits, (Odonian Press 1998) p. 83.
2.William Blum, Rogue State
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p.154.
3.U.S. Military Charged with Mass
Murder, The Winds 9/96, www.apfn.org/thewinds/archive/war/a102896b.html
4.Mark Zepezauer, CIA’S Greatest
Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.83.
Paraguay See South America:
Operation Condor
Philippines
1.Romeo T. Capulong, A Century of
Crimes Against the Filipino People, Presentation, Public Interest Law Center,
World Tribunal for Iraq Trial in New York City on August 25,2004.
http://www.peoplejudgebush.org/files/RomeoCapulong.pdf).
2.Roland B. Simbulan The CIA in
Manila - Covert Operations and the CIA’s Hidden Hisotry in the Philippines
Equipo Nizkor Information – Derechos,
derechos.org/nizkor/filipinas/doc/cia.
South America: Operation
Condor
1.John Dinges, Pulling Back the
Veil on Condor, The Nation, July 24, 2000.
2.Virtual Truth Commission, Telling
the Truth for a Better America www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/condor.htm)
3.Operation Condor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condor#US_involvement).
Sudan
1.Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang,
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p. 30, 32,34,36.
2.The Black Commentator, Africa
Action The Tale of Two Genocides: The Failed US Response to Rwanda and Darfur,
11 August 2006 http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/091706X.shtml.
Uruguay See South America:
Operation Condor
Vietnam
1.Mark Zepezauer, The CIA’S
Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine:Common Courage Press,1994), p 24
2.Casualties – US vs NVA/VC,
http://www.rjsmith.com/kia_tbl.html.
3.Brian Wilson, Virtual Truth
Commission
http://www.geocities.com/~virtualtruth/
4.Fred Branfman, U.S. War Crimes in
Indochiona and our Duty to Truth August 26, 2004
www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=6105§ionID=1
5.David K Shipler, Robert McNamara
and the Ghosts of Vietnam nytimes.com/library/world/asia/081097vietnam-mcnamara.html
Yugoslavia
1.Sara Flounders, Bosnia
Tragedy:The Unknown Role of the Pentagon in NATO in the Balkans (New York:
International Action Center) p. 47-75
2.James A. Lucas, Media
Disinformation on the War in Yugoslavia: The Dayton Peace Accords Revisited,
Global Research, September 7, 2005
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=
viewArticle&code=LUC20050907&articleId=899
3.Yugoslav Wars in 1990s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_wars.
4.George Kenney, The Bosnia
Calculation: How Many Have Died? Not nearly as many as some would have you
think., NY Times Magazine, April 23, 1995
http://www.balkan-archive.org.yu/politics/
war_crimes/srebrenica/bosnia_numbers.html)
5.Chronology of American State
Terrorism
http://www.intellnet.org/resources/american_terrorism/
ChronologyofTerror.html.
6.Croatian War of Independence,
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence
7.Human Rights Watch, New Figures
on Civilian Deaths in Kosovo War, (February 7, 2000) http://www.hrw.org/press/2000/02/nato207.htm
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Riportiamo questo articolo riguardante la 
La Ghiandola pineale è rappresentata dalla Chiesa Cattolica Romana, ecco nell’immagine il “cortile della pigna” nei Musei Vaticani. Le società antiche come gli Egizi e Romani ne conoscevano i benefici e l’hanno esemplificato nelle loro vaste simbologie contenenti il simbolo di un occhio.
Alla fine degli anni ’90, uno scienziato di nome Jennifer Luca realizza il primo studio sugli effetti di fluoruro di sodio sulla ghiandola pineale. E determina che la ghiandola pineale, situata al centro del cervello, è stata un obiettivo per fluoruro. La ghiandola pineale semplicemente assorbe più fluoro rispetto a qualsiasi altra parte fisica del corpo, anche le ossa.
